My Papas Waltz And Photograph Of My Father - 1460 Words

A strong bond between a father and son is critical for a healthy relationship. In almost every culture there is a strong emphasis on father-son relationships. Growing up every boy admires his father and aspires to be just like him, hence the phrase â€Å"Like father, like son.† This puts a significant amount of pressure on the father, forcing him to be a good role model for his son. However, many fathers fail to be a positive role model for their sons which can skew their perception of an ideal father figure. In the poems â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† written by Theodore Roethke and â€Å"Photograph of My Father in His Twenty-second Year† written by Raymond Carver the theme of a father-son relationship is central to both poems. These two poems are both similar†¦show more content†¦Of course there is no wrong interpretation of this poem however it leans more toward a positive tone about a father-son relationship that is full of love. The second poem is Ra ymond Carver’s â€Å"Photograph of My Father in His Twenty-second Year.† This Poem is about a son, who is all grown up, that has returned to his childhood home where he has discovered a picture of his father. Upon discovering this picture the narrator is reminded of his relationship with his father when he was young. This poem is broken down into three stanzas. In the first stanza and the first half of the second stanza the narrator is describing his father appearance. Carver writes, â€Å"I study my father s embarrassed young man s face / Sheepish grin, he holds in one hand a string / of spiny yellow perch, in the other / a bottle of Carlsbad Beer (lines 1-5). â€Å"In jeans and denim shirt, he leans / against the front fender of a 1934 Ford† (lines 6-7). The narrator tells us that his father dressed this way in order to appear as more â€Å"manly† and as a better father figure. He says, â€Å"He would like to pose bluff and hearty for his posterity, / Wear his old hat cocked over his ear. / All his life my father wanted to be bold. / But the eyes give him away, and the hands / hat limply offer the string of dead perch† (lines 8-12). It is at the end

Beautiful Princess in Disney Movies Create Low Self-Eseem...

Most children grow up watching Disney princess movies. Girls want to be extraordinary, beautiful, and similar to the princesses seen in these movies in terms of behavior. These movies teach them that they must be fashionable, beautiful and be rescued by a prince in order to be happy. However, these movies have been shown to have negative impacts on these young girls’ life, often resulting in low self-esteem, disobedience, overdependence, and an unrealistic expectation of male partners. As a result, young girls should not be encouraged to watch Disney princess movies because they idolize the characters, which are simply fictitious and just meant for entertainment, and these movies also cause disobedience, low self-esteem and lack of†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Disney princess movies affect young girls because they misinterpret the meaning of beauty, develop low self-esteem and possibly might end up with a bad relationship since they are prone to love for the wrong reasons. Furthermore, Disney Princess movies teach young girls to be disobedient and weak in order to get what they want and to become happy. In â€Å"The Little Mermaid†, Ariel disobeyed her father in search of the prince. She seeks help from the sea witch, whose intention was to enslave her to get to Ariel’s father (the king). Ariel’s father sacrificed himself in place of her daughter when the deal between the sea witch (Ursula) and Ariel wasn’t met (Dundes, 6). At the end, Ursula is killed, the king is free and Ariel is happy as she marries the prince. This perception encourages young girls to be disobedient even when their parents are protecting them from danger; they would think that after all they would be happy because Ariel disobeyed her father but still got everything she wanted. Disobedience affects a girl’s attitude and behavior and these will cause danger to the society. It leads to violation of rules and regulations in the society. Sin ce, young girls exhibit the characters displayed in these movies, It is important that they are stopped from watching these movies. It does not only affect the individual or the family but the society too. Some people believe that Disney princess movies teach young girls to be strong

Boy Scouts of America free essay sample

The Scout Oath reads, On my honor I will do my best to do my duty to God and my country and to obey the Scout Law; to help other people at all times; to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight. The Scout Law states, A Scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, bedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent. In addition to the mission, Boy Scouts of America have a vision statement: The Boy Scouts of America will prepare every eligible youth in America to become a responsible, participating citizen and leader who is guided by the Scout Oath and Scout Law. Boy Scouts of America was established in 1910 as a part of the international scout movement and was chartered by Congress in 1915. In 1910 BSAs mission was to teach [boys] patriotism, courage, self-reliance and kindred values. Although the mission is worded different today, it till holds true to the core mission of teaching boys ethical values. We will write a custom essay sample on Boy Scouts of America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The National Executive Board governs the Boy Scouts of America, however the National Council runs Boy Scouts of America. The National Executive Board are elected members, regional presidents and up to five youth members. The 2012 report listed 76 members. The board is directed by an elected volunteer, the National President. The CFO is given the title Chief Scout Executive and serves as the secretary of the National Executive Board and is a nonvoting member. To date there have been 1 1 Chief Scout Executives and 33 National Presidents. Wayne Perry, a retired businessman, is the current National President. In May 2014 Robert Gates, a retired civil servant and university president, will take over from Perry and serve as the National President. Wayne Brock was appointed to Chief Executive Scout in August 2012. The National Council is a much larger entity than the executive board. The council consists mostly of volunteer Scouters who are elected National Officers, Executive Board Members, regional presidents, local council representatives, members at large and honorary members. The councils role is to promote the Scouting program within a designated geographic area. They have four major functions, membership, fund development, maintain standards and policies and serve organizations using the scouting program. Daily operations of the National Council are directed by the Chief Scout Executive and other national professional staff however the whole National Council only meets on an annual basis. BSA can be summed up as one movement with six programs, Tiger Cubs, Cub Scouts, Webelos Scouts, Boy Scouts, Varsity Scouts and Venturing. All of the programs have the same ims of building character, learning the responsibilities of citizenship, and developing personal fitness. The programs mostly differ according to age group. Tiger Cubs is for boys in first grade. Cub scouting is for boys between the ages of 7 to 10. Webelos Scouts is for 10 year old boys. Boy Scouts program is for boys between the Venturing is for young men and women between the ages of 14 and 21. Tiger Cubs, Cub Scouts and Webelos Scouts are family and home centered programs whereas Boy Scouting is designed as an outdoor program. Varsity Scouting emphasizes high dventure and Venturing is more of a focus on leadership and growth through teaching others. Exhibit 1 shows the membership of each program at the end of 2012. Cub Scouts (including Tiger Cubs and Webelos Scouts) had the largest membership with Just over 1. million members. It seems the introductory programs are more popular than other programs. As a whole BSA is well known throughout America, in fact, they are a big part of American Culture. People associated with BSA are usually described as earnest and honest individuals and media continues to highlight Scouting community projects and acts of service. The BSA isnt all good though, like all organizations there is a sha dow side. In BSAs case, this shadow side includes numerous sexual abuse cases and discrimination against homosexuals. Prior to 1994 there were 2,000 reported cases of abuse. The BSA introduced the Youth Protection Program in 1988 leading to more accountability among leaders and less opportunities for abuse. More recently, BSA has been put in the spotlight because of their stance on homosexual leaders. In July 2012 a BSA committee reviewed the BSAs stance on homosexuality and came to a unanimous decision ecommending that the BSA should maintain their policy about not allowing homosexual adult leaders. This was followed by cuts in financial ties and a great deal of public oppression. In May 2013 the BSA National Council voted to remove the policy, emphasizing that membership should not be based on sexual orientation because all sexual conduct is not allowed. All in all BSA is a well-organized organization with a long-standing history that has had a significant impact on American culture. Its deep roots probably lead to ingrained business practices that re hard to change although the change in policy concerning homosexuality proves that the National Council can change policies if they can gain a majority for a certain decision.

Local by Flywheel Create a Local WordPress Website on Mac

Implementing changes to your WordPress website can be a nerve-wracking experience, particularly if those changes involve major  features. Compatibility issues might arise between plugins, or your database might start bugging out. Testing your changes in a local environment is almost always a smart decision, and thats where Local by Flywheel comes in.This straightforward tool (formerly known as Pressmatic) simplifies the process of setting up local WordPress websites. Youll no longer have to create complex environments – instead, all you have to do is install one tool with a sleek and simple interface.In this article, well first take a minute to discuss the types of features Local by Flywheel offers, and who might find them helpful. Then, well teach you how to use it. Lets get started!Why you should consider using Local by FlywheelLocal by Flywheel is one of the most straightforward tools you can use to set up a local testing environment. As it stands, the application packs p lenty of features. There are also further developments on the horizon, such as the ability to import remote sites and enable off-site backups.Lets check out some of the ways you can use Local by Flywheel to increase your productivity as a WordPress developer.Key features of Local by Flywheel:You can set up full WordPress sites with just a few clicks.It includes local support for Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)  certificates.It  provides you with flexible environment options.It enables you to access your sites via SSH.You can share your setups with the outside world using demo URLs.Local by Flywheel is free to use, although its only available for Mac at the moment. That said, a Windows version is currently in development, and a premium option is also in the works.Three steps for getting started with Local by FlywheelAs we mentioned earlier, Local by Flywheel is  very easy to use. In fact, we can teach you everything you need to know about the tool in just three short steps.The first thing youll need to do is head to the tools homepage, download its latest version, and install it. Then, you can move on to step one.Step 1: Set up a local testing environmentWhen you start the application for the first time, itll prompt you to create your local site. Click on Add Site to do so:On the next screen, youll have the option to pick a name and domain for your site. You can choose any domain name and suffix you like, and the application will modify your hosts file to make it work. In our case, we went with mylocaltestingenvironment.dev:Local by Flywheel will automatically create a directory to store your sites files, but you can also set it to any folder you like. When youre done with these settings, click on the Environment tab underneath.In this tab, youll be able to choose which versions of PHP and MySQL to use on your site, as well as the type of server. We recommend using the latest versions of the tools in question, along with whichever web server you prefer:Finally , click on the WordPress tab below Environment. Here you can enable Multisite for your installation. You can also choose your admin username, password, and email:These last settings are entirely up to you. Once youve customized them, go ahead and click on the Add Site button in the lower right corner.For now, you can sit back while Local by Flywheel gets your site up and running (which shouldnt take long). When its done, your new site will appear in the applications left-most column, and you can click on its name to review the details:Afterward, you can go ahead and access your site from any browser:To begin tinkering with your site, youll need to log into the dashboard as you usually would. If you chose the same domain name we did, youd do this by typing mylocaltestingenvironment.dev/wp-admin into  your address bar.Lets also make clear that what youre working with here is a fully-featured WordPress site. This means that you can install any plugins you wish, add custom themes, adj ust things in any other way, etc.Step 2: Use blueprints to simplify the setup processLocal by Flywheel enables you to save any of your WordPress sites as blueprints for later use. For example, if you set up a testing site using the Neve theme and installed the  All In One SEO Pack as well, you could use the blueprint option to replicate this exact setup later on.Its a simple feature, but it can save you a lot of time if you prefer to set up your testing environments just so. All you need to do is find the site you want to save on your list of local environments, right-click on it, and select the Save as Blueprint option:The application will ask you to provide a name for your blueprint, and decide which version of PHP and which web server to use. Choose your preferred settings and click on Save Blueprint.To put a blueprint into action, click on the + sign in the bottom left corner of the application and choose the Add Site from Blueprint option. Select which blueprint to use, and t he program will do the rest. You can review and delete your existing blueprints at any time under Settings Blueprints.Step 3: Choose your add-onsLocal by Flywheel comes ready with a couple of add-ons, and more are expected to arrive over time. These are essentially plugins for your site, which give it added functionality.At the moment, there are two add-ons available. One enables you to create links that you can share with other people so they can access your local sites remotely. The second is perfect for developers since it enables the integration of PhpStorm IDE and Xdebug:Activating either add-on will require the application to restart. Once youre back in, you can access them by choosing your site and navigating to its Utilities tab.ConclusionLocal by Flywheel is one of the most comprehensive options available for setting up testing environments with WordPress. This latest iteration of the tool might be in its early days, but its likely to have a bright future.The best part is that its easy to get started with the tool.Also, speaking of getting started with WordPress installs, the tool were discussing today has actually been launched by one of the leading WordPress hosting companies out there Flywheel. Theyve been known in the market for their optimized managed hosting options that make your life easier as a WordPress website owner. You should check them out if youre just about to launch your website to the world. Their hosting plans start at $15 a month.Have you tried using Local by Flywheel for your own WordPress development needs? Share your thoughts with us in the comments section below!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

By Dan Serpico Essays - Literature, Fiction, Beowulf, Monsters

by Dan Serpico "Nihil ex nihilo, I always say"(Gardner 150). These are the words of the infamous Grendel from the novel, titled that same character, by John Gardner. They represent the phrase "life itself is meaningless" which is taught to Grendel by a few different people throughout this novel. In the following essay, the explanation of this phrase, the way Grendel learns about nihilism, and how Grendel develops the concept of nihilism, as it is known, will be discussed. First, we attack the nihilism itself. What is Nihilism? Well, this is one of the main components of the book. It means life itself is meaningless. What is meant by that phrase is that anything you do or decide to do, means nothing. For example, if you make a huge decision that you think will affect you for the rest of your life, according to a nihilist it means nothing. To them, it will all turn out how it is supposed to turn out and that is that. Nihilism also refers to people who do not believe they should be told how to live their life by the government. One major example of a nihilism uprise was in Russia during the 1860's. During this decade, nihilism was primarily a rejection of tradition and authoritarianism in favor of rationalism and individualism. In Lament's terms, live your lives how you want to live it and do not let anyone tell you how. In the novel, Grendel first learns this theory indirectly from the hypocrisy of man. This starts in chapter three where Grendel is observing man for the very first time. He watches in horror as they fight and scream over land and treasure. After all of this nonsense and chaos, they still have the nerve to make speeches about how honorable or great they or their king is, even though they still kill one another. This is an early sign in the book of the hypocrisy of man. From chapter three: "Terrible threats, from the few words I could catch. Things about their fathers, and their fathers' fathers, things about justice and honor and lawful revenge, their throats swollen, their eyes rolling like a newborn colts, sweat running down their shoulders."(Gardner 35). This quote is Grendel talking about what he sees and only what he sees. This is where he is wrongly taught about how the humans live out their hypocrisy. You could compare this situation to a toddler watching an adult and learning by repeating and mimicking everything done by the older one. This is exactly how Grendel is learning. In Chapter four, Grendel's learning is furthered even more when he comes in contact with the people of Herot. At first, he comes to the hall and offers peace and mercy. Immediately the humans hack away at him with their swords. This really gets Grendel angry since he just offered his peace. He then becomes part of this hypocrisy by fighting man himself. From chapter four: "I staggered out into the open and up toward the hall with my burden, groaning out, ?Mercy! Peace!' The Harper broke off, the people screamed. (They all have their own versions, but this is the truth.) Drunken men rushed over with battle-axes. I sank to my knees crying, ?Friend! Friend!' They hacked at me yipping like dogs....", ".... I crushed the body in my hug, then hurled it in their faces, turned, and fled."(Gardner 52) This was the event that really made Grendel into a nihilist. The only thing left was to develop this daring new concept. Enter stage left, the Dragon. The Dragon, the mentor, the teacher to Grendel of nihilism. Grendel is awakened by the dragon and is brought to his lair. The Dragon, not caring at all about Grendel as a person, helps Grendel develop his nihilist ideas. To do this, he explains to him that repetition is the key to nihilism. No matter how hard the universe try's to stop repetition, it always goes on. For example, if Grendel were not there, some other evil would be tormenting the humans. From chapter five: "The essence of life is to be found in the frustrations of established order. The universe refuses the deading influence of complete conformity."(Gardner 67)

Navajo Exile The Treaty of 1868

Navajo Exile The Treaty of 1868 Free Online Research Papers First Peoples of North America Since the settlement of Euro-Americans in North American territory and the establishment of the United States as an independent nation, Native American people have been greatly impacted by foreign politics. Euro-Americans and the United States government interacted mostly with these Native American tribes though the establishment of treaties, which were supposed to benefit both parties involved. However, indigenous tribes found themselves taken advantage of, not respected as a nation by foreign politics and slowly losing their way of life to the dominating Euro-American culture. One tribe that was greatly impacted by treaties and foreign policy were the Navajo people in the Southwest. Like the other indigenous tribes of North America, the Navajo people were slowly negotiated out of land and independence. The Navajo people originate from Southwest, most specifically northwestern New Mexico. They call themselves Dine, meaning â€Å"the people† and refer to their land as Dinetah, meaning â€Å"land of the people†. Their way of life included hunting, farming, tailor-made garments and in later years turned to herding as their major economic focus. Before the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo between the United States and Mexico on February 2, 1848, the Navajo people interacted mostly with Mexico since they were colonized by the Spanish. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States gained more than 1.2 million square miles of territory (what we now refer to as New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Nevada and California) in exchange for $15 million. However, the confrontations between the Navajo people and Mexico were now something that the United States inherited. On August 31, 1849, U.S. representatives James Calhoun and Colonel John Washington met with a group of Navaj o people to explain the United States government’s plans to build forts and settle peacefully in the region. Unfortunately, the ended in an outburst of violence and U.S. soldiers shot and killed seven Navajo’s after a dispute over a Mexican guide’s horse being stolen. Needless to say, news of the tragic event made its way to the many bands of Navajo people and they each decided where they stand on the issue of American settlement. Different influential leaders of different bands of Navajo people entered into negotiations with U.S. representatives and signed a series of treaties. In the early 1950s, the United States erected their first fort in Navajo country and named it Fort Defiance. The name itself hinted at the tension and uneasy feelings between the United States and the indigenous people of the area. In July of 1858, a group of Navajos shot and killed the black slave of the fort’s commanding officer, Captain William T.H. Brooks. The slave, known as Jim, was killed in response to the slaughter of Navajo leader Manuelito’s cattle that were grazing on land claimed by both the United States and Manuelito. Captain William T.H. Brooks than demanded that the Navajos bring him the man responsible for Jim’s murder. Instead they killed a Mexican man, brought his body to the fort and identified him as Jim’s murderer. Brooks was not convinced and dispatched his troops to Navajo country where they killed the first band of Navajo people they encountered. Unsettled land disputes and the United States’ interaction with several different Navajo leaders that could not sign treaties on behalf of all bands of Navajo, resulted in the massacre of a group of Navajo people who most likely had no knowledge of the original dispute. By the 1860s, the United States negotiated a treaty with the Navajo people that would allow members of the Navajo tribe to travel to Fort Fauntleroy and receive rations of food. Eventually, U.S. Army officials began planning a major military campaign to force the Navajo people to submit to federal authority. The Civil War gave the U.S. army stationed in New Mexico the perfect justification to wage battles against the Navajo people. In the fall of 1862, General James Carleton was assigned commander of the U.S. Army in New Mexico Territory and began his campaign to round up the scattered Navajo people and relocate them to Fort Sumner in New Mexico. â€Å"On the reservation, they would be a captive audience for whites seeking to â€Å"civilize† them by preaching Christianity and teaching them other non-Indian values. Held long enough†¦the Indians might be compelled to assimilate into mainstream American society† (Iverson, pg. 34). Despite the Navajo peoples’ at tempt to flee capture by U.S. soldiers, many bands of the Navajo tribe were rounded up and sent to Fort Wingate to prepare for the long journey to Fort Sumner. By 1864, the U.S. Army captured more than eight thousand Navajo people and forced them to walk two hundred and fifty miles to Fort Sumner. Any members of the tribe that resisted were abused or shot, women who gave birth along the way were given to special consideration as they were forced to continue on the journey, and at least two thousand men women and children died along the way. This large campaign of forced relocation is commonly known as The Long Walk, and something that has never been forgotten amongst the Navajo tribe. Once they reached Fort Sumner, the U.S. Army quickly realized how ill equipped they were to house and feed so many captives. Their initial plan to make the natives grow their own food and farm the land failed, as the farming conditions and insect problems led to crop failure. The U.S. Army eventually negotiated contracts with non-Indians to provide food for the Navajo people. Corrupt suppliers sold them spoiled food, and many of the natives suffered digestive problems and dysentery (an inflammatory disorder of the intestine that causes diarrhea). The campaign was a complete and utter failure that resulted in the Navajo tribe losing their land, being torn away from their natural way of life, and eventually being put under the control of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in January of 1867. The BIA was established in 1824 as an agency in the Department of the Interior for the sole purpose managing governmental relations with indigenous people. The construction of the transcontinental railroad brought more and more American settlers and caused the United States government to rethink its Native American policies. To make way for American settlers, the United States entered into new negotiations with Native American tribes that would lay out the terms of their confinement on reservations in Indian Territory. Out of this, the United States Peace Commission was established to negotiate treaties with the various tribes. The two members chosen to visit the Navajo tribe at Fort Sumner were Colonel Samuel F. Tappan and General William Tecumseh Sherman. In the spring of 1868, Tappan and Sherman spoke with ten representatives of the Navajo people at Fort Sumner and explained the federal policy of relocating tribes to reservations in Indian Territory. The Navajo representatives expressed the tribe’s desire to go back to their homeland, and one representative named Barboncito told the visitors, â€Å"The bringing of us here had caused great decrease of our numbers- many of us have died, also a great number of our animals†¦ Our grandfathers had no idea of living in any other country except our own†¦ When the Navajos were first created, four mountains and four rivers were pointed out to us, inside of which we should live; that [which] was to be our country was given to us by the first woman of the Navajo’s tribe. I hope to God you will not ask me to go to any other country than my own† (Iverson, pg. 38). Sherman then explained that he would be willing to consider the option of the allowing the Navajo people to return to their homeland, but that the tribe would have to live peacefully within the boundaries designated by the United States government. On June 1, 1868, the Navajo tribe signed a treaty with the United States government that would allow them to return home. Once ratified by the government, the treaty laid out the initial boundaries of the Navajo Reservation that was made up of 3.5 million acres of land that spread across northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Another part of the treaty involved the United States providing one teacher for every thirty Navajo children between the ages of six and eighteen that had a desire to attend school. â€Å"The U.S. government also pledged to give the Navajo people seeds and farming equipment and to purchase fifteen thousand sheep and goats and five hundred beef cattle for their use. In turn the Navajos agreed not to oppose the construction of any railroad or roads through the reservation, not to raid non-Indian settlements, and not to block the building of any military posts in their midst† (Iverson, pg. 42). With the signing of this treaty, the Navajo people became one of the very few native tribes of North America that were able to return to their ancestral homeland, while other tribes were forced to endure permanent removal from their homeland and live in Indian Territory. Although the Navajo tribe was able to return to their ancestral homeland, dealings with the United States government and the tribe did not end with the signing of the Treaty of 1868. The tribe was still only allowed to return to a portion of their homeland, and land disputes between white settlers and Navajo people seemed to be never ending. Navajo sheepherders and white ranchers both wanted use of public domains and white settlers wanted to settle on land at the boundaries of Navajo land. Also, other tribes constantly raided Navajo land and the so called protection the U.S. Army pledged to provide was almost non-existent. However, there were good things that came from The Long Walk. Because the United States government dealt with the Navajo people as a whole, and not individual bands within the tribe, they began to see the need to work together. This sense of unity for the Navajo people continued in the years that followed, and as the Navajo tribe grew in numbers; they eventually en tered into negotiations with the United States government for more land. Between 1878 and 1884, the Navajo people were able to convince the United States government to give them an additional 3.6 million acres of land to accommodate its people. While most Indians were losing their land to American expansion, the Navajos were demanding more territory through their government appointed Indian agents. However, in 1882 the United States government established a reservation for the Hopi Indians that included land already given to the Navajo people. The executive order that established an Indian Reservation for the Hopi Indians stated that â€Å"Hopi land could be occupied by ‘other Indians as the Secretary of the Interior may see fit to settle thereon’ † (Iverson, 45). The United States expected both tribes to share land, overlapped previous land negotiations with the Navajo tribe and resulted in problems between the Navajos and Hopis many years later. In 1933, the Bureau of Indian Affairs instituted a policy of livestock reduction among the Navajos due to overgrazing and much damage to Navajo land. John Collier, commissioner of the BIA, was able to get a few small additions to Navajo land if the tribe reduced some of their livestock at the same time. Although Collier initially attempted to carry out this policy with the cooperation of the Navajo people, he was forced to make decisions as the tribe was very hesitant to give up their livestock. Some Navajos were taken to jail for refusing to round up livestock or for fighting the agents who were part of the reduction program. â€Å"†¦they resented the loss of their livestock- especially for their sheep- because they saw it as an attack not only upon their means of support but upon their very culture† (Iverson, pg. 61). After 1936, agents began forcibly taking livestock without explaining why and with very little sensitivity towards their importance to the Navajo people. During a public hearing in 1936, Chee Dodge warned the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs by saying, â€Å"You take sheep away from a Navajo, that’s all he knows. He isn’t going to farm or anything like that; you might give a few acres to the poor ones, but stock-raising is in their heart. That’s their work. If you keep cutting down sheep, after a while the government will have to feed these people, give them rations; you know what that will cost† (Iverson, pg. 65). After the livestock reduction program concluded, many Navajo people had to find work in small towns and big cities off the reservations. As World War II began, many native people left their reservations to work in war related industries and twice as many Native Americans enlisted in the war. â€Å"World War II probably marked the greatest change in the lives of Native Americans since Columbus mistakenly identified the Americas for the Indies† (Holm, pg. 28). There are most likely two major reasons that Native Americans had such an overwhelming turn out to support the United States in the fight against the Axis; one being economic and the other having to do with a somewhat political allegiance to the United States. The United States, not excluding Native Americans, was in an economic depression. The Navajo especially had seen their livestock and livelihood taken away from them, leaving them to fend for themselves and quickly find other alternatives to support their families. Since the military offered room, board, clothing a paycheck; the military was seen as a way to earn money, fight for their land, and send m oney home to their families. As far as allegiance to the United States was concerned, the Navajo and many other native tribes had to look to the United States to ensure their ownership of what lands they had left over from signing treaties with whites. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 led to thousands of American and Native American men being drafted to serve in all branches of the United States armed forces. In response, John Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Jacob Morgan, chair of the Navajo Nation, called for separate Native American military units. Their reasoning was that Navajos should be in separate units because they shared a common language, meaning no time would be wasted in interpreters translating commands. Also, since Native American tribes were recognized as semi-sovereign protectorates; they were entitled separate and individual Indian military units. To affirm their sovereign status even more, Native American tribes all over the United States began to declare war free of the United States and issued formal declarations of war after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The Navajo tribal council was the first Native American nation to do so, declaring â€Å"†¦that there was a ‘threat of fo reign invasion’ and that ‘any un-American movement among out people will be resented and dealt with severely.’ Moreover, ‘We resolve that Navajo Indians stand ready as they did in 1918 to aid and defend out government and its institutions against all subversive and armed conflict and pledge our loyalty to the system which recognized minority rights and a way of life that has placed us among the greatest people of our race† (Holm, pg. 36-37). It was on August 7, 1943 that the Navajo code talkers made their war introduction at the United States attack on Guadalcanal. In Richard Tregaskis’ book titled Guadalcanal Diary, he writes of how a medical officer on the troop ship the night before witnessed the Navajo soldiers â€Å" ‘doing a war dance’ in the hold of the troop ship†¦ ritually preparing themselves for the dangers ahead† (Holm, pg. 53). The Navajo code talkers were called upon to transmit orders, coordinate artille ry barrages, and report casualties while at the same time perfecting their code under battle conditions and exposing themselves to the tropical diseases of the area. The idea to use the Navajo language as a United States code language during World War II came from Philip Johnston, a civil engineer in Los Angeles and the son of a missionary who lived in Navajo country. Johnston grew up speaking the Navajo language and often acted as a translator during official meetings between the Navajo tribe and the federal government. In February of 1942, United Marine Corps recruiters travelled to Navajo lands to enlist a group of thirty men fluent in the Navajo language. Navajo code talkers only had two months to create the code and be trained on the use of the various kinds of radio equipment. â€Å"It not only took a great memory to be a code talker, but also an almost unbelievable ability to use both Navajo and English correctly and quickly† (Holm, pg. 78). Navajo marines were also trained in combat just like their fellow marines, and had to step away from their radio packs and engage in the fight when things became intense. Members of the Navajo t ribe traditionally have abhorrence to dead bodies and burial grounds, and anyone who has come in contact with the dead or been around the dead for a while must take part in special ceremonies to be purified. â€Å"The Navajo code was never broken and was a great factor in winning the war in the Pacific†¦ ‘Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima! The entire operation was directed by Navajo code† (Holm, pg. 83). Despite the history between the Navajo (and Native American tribes alike) and the United States, the hope of most Native Americans was that the American system of justice would prevail and right the past wrongs done to its Native American citizens. Navajo soldiers, who returned from the war and were exposed to more of the outside world, were convinced that the Navajo nation needed to learn how to better deal with the non-Indian populace. Immediately following World War II, Congress created the Indian Claims Commission in 1946 to give rulings on various claims made by Native Americans against the United States. This was partly done to give justice to those Native Americans who suffered at the hands of the federal government, while it also was setting things up for the federal government to withdrawal from the affairs of the native people. This new federal Indian policy came to be known as Termination, because its main goal was to end the federal government’s financial responsi bilities to Native American tribes and cease with special protection of reservation lands. The Navajo nation opposed Termination, arguing that â€Å"†¦their ancestors had signed treaties and agreements with the federal government, and therefore they were entitled to the unique legal status that these treaties granted them. Although tribes were not always pleased with the way in which the federal government acted toward them, they were even warier of the state governments, most of which in the past had shown little interest in the Indians† (Holm, pg. 74). In 1950 Congress passed the Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation Act, stating that tribe will receive $88 million over a ten-year period for internal projects such as reservation infrastructure and education. The Navajos knew that if they were survive and prosper as a tribal nation, their children and younger adults needed access to better education. In 1956 and 1957 large oil and gas fields were discovered in Navajo lands, and br ought in millions of dollars each year in oil royalties to the Navajo economy. By 1969, the Navajo people were officially referring to their great tribe as the Navajo Nation. While the Navajo Nation has come a long way since the Long Walk and the signing of the Treaty of 1868, many of the Navajo people still face poverty and unemployment. The signing of the Treaty of 1868 was the first step toward the Navajo people moving forward with a nation while not completely assimilating to their culture. The Navajo Nation has managed to act as a sovereign Indian nation, hold onto a portion of their original homeland, aid the United States in an Allied victory over the Axis during World War II and turn a federal policy like Termination into a chance for them to grow more independent. Though the future of the Navajo Nation is in no way guaranteed to be prosperous and free from conflict, the Navajo Nation still holds onto values and beliefs that helped guide their ancestors through hardships in the past. Bibliography Iverson, Peter, and Jennifer Nez Denetdale. The Navajo (Indians of North America). New York: Chelsea House Publications, 2005. Print. H., Oswalt, Wendell. This land was theirs a study of Native North Americans. Los Angeles: University of California, Oxford UP, 2009. Print. Holm, Tom. Code Talkers and Warriors Native Americans and World War II (Landmark Events in Native American History). New York: Chelsea House Publications, 2007. Print. Denetdale, Jennifer. The Long Walk The Forced Navajo Exile (Landmark Events in Native American History). New York: Chelsea House Publications, 2007. Print. Research Papers on Navajo Exile & The Treaty of 1868The Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Where Wild and West MeetBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTwilight of the UAWCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Mill and Rawls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Mill and Rawls - Essay Example The essay will compare and contrast accounts of justice in relation to John Rawls and John Mill. Rawls’s book attracted much attention than any other book published in the 20th century. Although the basic model used in constructing the theory seems simple, limitations associated with its scope in addition to the supporting arguments are complex. For instance, Rawls talks about an ideal theory for an orderly society though it has strict compliance. According to Rawls, this is of great help to the society since it helps criticize injustice in the society (Rawls 8). Due to this, Rawls goes ahead to provide principles that help criticize societal injustices. Rawls states that his main objective is coming up with a theory of justice, which will act as an alternative to utilitarian thoughts (Rawls 22). Due to this, not only does he present an alternative theory but also but also criticism that comes along with utilitarianism. The utilitarian theory presented by Rawls comprises of tw o principles; each person ought to have equal rights irrespective of their gender or race when it comes to matters of liberty. Second, both economic and social inequalities ought to be arranged in a manner that they are of benefit to everyone in addition to them being accessible to all (Rawls 60). Later on Rawls further restates the second principle by claiming that inequalities ought to be the greatest benefits especially at least advantaged persons. The basic liberties Rawls addresses in this theory are that citizens should not only have equal liberties but also political in addition to freedom of speech and owning property. Conversely, Mill believed in these liberties, this is because he also argued about them in his book, On Liberty. In my opinion, Mill’s account of justice is better than Rawls’.